Global Warming and Its Effect on Marine Populations

Global warming, an increase in the Earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate, is a growing environmental concern caused by industry and agriculture in the mid-20th century to the present. As greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere, a shield forms around the Earth, trapping heat  and, therefore, creating a general warming effect. Oceans are one of the areas most affected by this warming. Rising air temperatures affect the physical nature of the oceans. As air temperatures rise, water becomes less dense and separates from a nutrient-filled cold layer below. This is the basis for a chain effect that impacts all marine life that counts on these nutrients for survival. There are two general physical effects of ocean warming on marine populations that are crucial to consider: Changes in natural habitats and food supplyChanging ocean chemistry/acidification Changes in Natural Habitats and Food Supply Phytoplankton, one-celled plants that live at the oceans surface and algae use photosynthesis for nutrients. Photosynthesis is a process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts it into organic carbon and oxygen, which feed  almost every ecosystem.   According to a NASA study, phytoplankton is more likely to thrive in cooler oceans. Similarly, algae, a plant that produces food for other marine life through photosynthesis, is vanishing due to ocean warming. Since oceans are warmer, nutrients cant travel upward to these suppliers, which survive only in oceans small surface layer. Without those nutrients, phytoplankton and algae cannot supplement marine life with necessary organic carbon and oxygen. Yearly Growth Cycles Various plants and animals in the oceans need both a temperature and light balance in order to thrive. Temperature-driven creatures, such as phytoplankton, have started their yearly growth cycle earlier in the season due to warming oceans. Light-driven creatures start their yearly growth cycle around the same time. Since phytoplankton thrive in earlier seasons, the entire food chain is affected. Animals that once traveled to the surface for food are now finding an area void of nutrients, and light-driven creatures are starting their growth cycles at different times. This creates a non-synchronous natural environment. Migration The warming of oceans may also lead to migration of organisms along the coasts. Heat-tolerant species, such as shrimp, expand northward, while heat-intolerant species, such as clams and flounder, retreat northward. This migration leads to a new mix of organisms in an entirely new environment, ultimately causing changes in predatory habits. If some organisms cannot adapt to their new marine environment, they will not flourish and will die off. Changing Ocean Chemistry/Acidification As carbon dioxide is released into the oceans, the ocean chemistry drastically changes. Greater carbon dioxide concentrations released into the oceans create increased ocean acidity. As ocean acidity increases, phytoplankton is  reduced. This results in fewer ocean plants able to convert greenhouse gasses. Increased ocean acidity also threatens marine life, such as corals and shellfish, which may become extinct later this century from the chemical effects of carbon dioxide. Acidifications Effect on Coral Reefs Coral, one of the leading sources for the oceans food and livelihood, is also changing with global warming. Naturally, coral secretes tiny shells of calcium carbonate in order to form its skeleton. Yet, as carbon dioxide from global warming is released into the atmosphere, acidification increases and the carbonate ions vanish. This results in lower extension rates or weaker skeletons in most corals. Coral Bleaching Coral bleaching, the breakdown in the symbiotic relationship between coral and algae, is also occurring with warmer ocean temperatures. Since zooxanthellae, or algae, give coral its particular coloration, increased carbon dioxide in the planets oceans causes coral stress and a release of this algae. This leads to a lighter appearance. When this relationship that is so important for our ecosystem to survive vanishes, corals begin to weaken. Consequently, food and habitats for a great number of marine life are also destroyed. Holocene Climatic Optimum The  drastic climate change known as Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) and its effect on surrounding wildlife is not new. The HCO, a general warming period displayed in fossil records from 9,000 to 5,000 BP, proves that climate change can directly impact natures inhabitants. In 10,500 BP, younger dryas, a plant that once spread throughout the world in various cold climates, became nearly extinct due to this warming period. Toward the end of the warming period, this plant that so much of nature had depended on was only found in the few areas that remained cold. Just as younger dryas became scarce in the past, phytoplankton, coral reefs, and the marine life that depend on them are becoming scarce today. Earths environment is continuing on a circular path that may soon lead to chaos within a once naturally balanced environment. Future Outlook and Human Effects The warming of the oceans and its effect on marine life has a direct impact on human life. As coral reefs die, the world loses an entire ecological habitat of fish. According to the World Wildlife Fund, a small increase of 2 degrees Celsius would destroy almost all existing coral reefs. Additionally, ocean circulation changes due to warming would have a disastrous effect on marine fisheries. This drastic outlook is often hard to imagine. It can only be related to a similar historical event. Fifty-five million years ago, ocean acidification led to a mass extinction of ocean creatures. According to fossil records, it took more than 100,000 years for the oceans to recover. Eliminating the use of greenhouse gases and protecting the oceans can prevent this from occurring again. Nicole Lindell writes about global warming for ThoughtCo.

Common Incentives Assignment David Wolfe - 1074 Words

Common Incentives Assignment Joshua Wolfe Mid-America Christian University As a college student, there are many different incentives that we strive for. These incentives are usually described as â€Å"some goal object that motivates us† (Petri and Govern, 2013). These different goal objects drive us to behave in certain ways. However, where these incentives come from is up for debate. Some of these are genetically engrained, while others come from external sources. This paper will attempt to take some of my own personal incentives, along with students in general, and categorize them as to where they originated from Biological As a student, one of the greatest impulses is to eat a good meal. Students line up in the cafeteria†¦show more content†¦Emotionally this goal is met through eating comfort foods, spending time with those that make us feel better, and watching â€Å"feel good† movies. These things reduce the amount of stress we feel, and in turn make us emotionally comfortable. Social An incentive may be to be respected by your peers. This is localized to those contemporaneous to yourself, within your own class of fellow students. You are being judged in academic honors, the amount of effort you are seen putting into your academics, and the car you park on campus. There is the drive to take extravagant trips for Spring Break to Cancun and rack up massive debt on a credit card; all of this to live up to the Joneses. Some of the other goals that students have include â€Å"to be socially respected†. This goal is above and beyond the acceptance of one’s peers, and speaks to the level of hubris that one exhibits. This is seen in dressing well, driving a nice car, having an attractive mate, being seen at the right events, and rubbing elbows with the rich and powerful. There are many extremes to this, which may be diagnosed as a Narcissistic Personality Disorder, in which the person begins to believe the faà §ade that is given, even to the point that they believe there is no faà §ade (McNeal, 2003). We seek the praise of professors. This is unique to students in that any other scrutiny of our work and lives at this level would

Passage to India Free Essays

string(107) " is disgusted and threatened by the vile naked pad which slaps her and then turns out to simply be a baby\." An exploration of these possibilities hopefully shall veal which meaning, If not all of them, Forester Intended the Marimba Caves to possess. On a metaphysical level, the Caves can be seen as a representation of the subconscious. By entering the caves one penetrates the dark, cavernous realm of one’s own psyche. We will write a custom essay sample on Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several characters experience a revelation within their walls. Mrs.. Moor’s revelation is that of immense hopelessness. Her experience in the cave creates a sense of chaos and the sense that despite what is said or known in the world, It Is all essentially meaningless. The echo she hears reinforces this revelation to her. The scary resounding â€Å"boom† reduces every individual sound or voice to a continuous and indistinct noise (Forester 163). She meditates that the sound, â€Å"had managed to murmur ‘Pathos, piety, courage-they exist, but are identical, and so is filth. Everything exists, nothing has value. ‘ If one had spoken vileness in that place, or quoted lofty poetry, the comment would have been the same-‘oh-boom† (165). It is here she realizes the whole of human history has sounded Just Like this and that her existence makes no Impression upon it at all. That no matter what Is done and said It s all in the end meaningless. For her, the caves symbolize the antiquity of existence and she has been reduced to being another nonsensical blurb in the annals of time. When she emerges from the cave, Adele asks Mrs.. Moore if she saw the reflection of a match, calling it pretty. Mrs.. Moore claims to have forgotten, but ultimately the only thing she saw In the cave was a reflection of her fears. For the young Adele, the caves Invoke a different revelation. Perhaps their enormity and sense of removal from the world make her meditate on the decision she Is going to make to marry Irony. Looking upon the rock formations as if ripples in her own mind, she is reminded of her relationship with Irony and asks, â€Å"What about love? † (168). Within these walls, she realizes that she is about to marry a man she does not love and ultimately by traversing the corridors of her own mind, she reaches a sense of inner awareness. Adele has a sudden epiphany In the caves and â€Å"vexed, rather than appalled, she stood still, her eyes on the sparkling rock† (168). Perhaps this sparkling rock that Adele focuses on represents a light that has been turned on inside of her. However, unlike Mrs.. Moore who is reduced to an irritable depression, Adele has what appears be a mental breakdown. She has made a decision to escape the confines of societal pressures and not marry Irony. This knowledge provokes such a state in her that she seems to be in a trance, unaware of the hysteria surrounding her until her Inner echo stops during the trial. After renouncing all charges against Aziza; Adele confides Tanat parlor to near cave explosion, sense experienced â€Å"a sort AT sadness. . Tanat I could not detect at the time†¦ No, nothing as solid as sadness: living at half pressure expresses it best. Half pressure† (266). Inside the caves is where she recognizes that so far she was not living her life â€Å"full steam†. Perhaps this revelation at a life led devoid of true experiences and satisfaction caused her possible â€Å"hallucinationà ¢â‚¬ . Up until this point in her life, she had seen life in only one direction; now there were many. In court, she conjures up this multi-directional view; describing it as a â€Å"double relation† (253). She tries to recount the day at the caves and questions herself as to why she did not enjoy what was around her initially. Looking back she realizes that it was â€Å"all dutiful and significant, though she had been blind to it at the time† (253). For both women the entrance into the caves is like an entrance into their own mind. They derive a new sense of knowledge within the hollowed walls and emerge with an echo- a â€Å"boom† that haunts them; an echo that may be the resounding hum of their own subconscious (168). This haunting echo for Mrs.. Moore serves as a reminder of her own insignificance and mortality; while for Adele the echo chips away at her, revealing that perhaps she is uncomfortable with her new self-awareness until she can properly interpret it. However, she will need time to do this, remarking that â€Å"the vision disappeared whenever she wished to interpret it† (267). One can only speculate on Dale’s revelation and her supposed â€Å"insult†. In the end she loses interest in who could have insulted her in the cave; because ultimately she encountered someone much more important in those walls, herself. Essentially, Adele grapples with three different issues: the â€Å"concept of her own Brutishness crumbles, as the very essence of her identity alters, [and] her disenfranchisement in Anglo-India 56). Her first step of assertion is by renouncing her accusations against Aziza. By disentangling herself from the British and their need to scapegoat him she has effectively removed herself from the Anglo-Indian system and become her own woman. In a more literal fashion the caves can be seen as momentary freedom from the constraints of each individual’s society; Moslem, Hindu, and Anglo-Indian all converge here. The Marimba Cave setting is a less formal affair then the â€Å"bridge party’ and serves as a removal from the country club and mosques that separate them. However, this confluence of cultures has disastrous results for the main characters. The initial entrance into the caves is described as absolute chaos by Mrs.. Moore. Inside there is no light and no distinctions can be made between people. She describes the caves as being, â€Å"Crammed with villagers and servants†¦ She lost Adele and Aziza in the dark, didn’t know who touched her, couldn’t breathe, and some vile naked thing struck her face and settled on her like a pad† (Forester 162). Here she suffers a panic attack at what is essentially a removal of the rigid hierarchies she is accustomed to. She is disgusted and threatened by the vile naked pad which slaps her and then turns out to simply be a baby. You read "Passage to India" in category "Papers" It is because she cannot see and categorize what is around her that she â€Å"went mad, hitting and gasping like a fanatic† (162). It is too much chaos for her and the scene unleashes her instinctual, primitive reaction; far from the decorum she may have though herself to possess. Despite her kindness and â€Å"orientation†, Mrs.. Moore is as reliant on a structured system as any AT near countrymen . I Nils scans AT Matrimonial TTY amongst cultures continues when Adele and Aziza enter the next cave. The reader is never informed of what really happens within the cave due to the narrative being from Jazz’s respective. However, Dale’s supposed insult resulting from Jazz’s advances creates outrageous turmoil. It is rooted in the problem that they- a Moslem Indian and a British woman- are alone in such an environment. The insinuation here is that by lowering their guards both parties have suffered. If Adele was in fact insulted, then it was a result of being so familiar with an Indian man. However, if Aziza was innocent the problem was essentially still a result of taking the chance of having too much freedom around a British woman. This reprieve from town and cultural boundaries as shown that distrust and miscommunication are embedded within these groups. Essentially, by showing the havoc that ensues from being at the caves far away from societal restrictions, Forester is showing that perhaps there is a necessity for a separation of cultures when such misunderstanding and distrust exists. There will never entirely be hope for a healthy convergence of cultures if such elements of suspicion linger. The ideas of freedom and the subconscious that the caves inspire may only help to compound the element of mystery they possess. Monk notes that, The Marimba Caves have a corrosive, annihilating effect on those who are susceptible to their power, and they become the central mystery of â€Å"mysterious India† in Forester’s Passage thereto†. The caves are both a representation of mystery and the source of it. It is within their confines that Adele is â€Å"insulted†; yet the reader never really knows what happened if anything did happen at all. The mystic trance they seem to infuse their visitors with can be seen as reflective of the mystery of Eastern spirituality to western eyes. The east possesses a culture so different from the English; that it is resented as an enigma to them that can never be solved. McCauley remarks that, â€Å"Everything Indian is haloed in mystery; the caves, the landscape, even the bird that the English see in a tree and cannot identify, for â€Å"nothing in India is identifiable, the mere asking of a question causes it to disappear and to merge in something else† (201). The Marimba caves carry an enigmatic power. Forester comments that this power lies in their defiance of time and meaning, stating that â€Å"Nothing is inside them, they were sealed up before the creation of pestilence or treasure; if mankind grew Uris’s and excavated, nothing, nothing would be added to the sum of good or evil† (Forester 119). Marimba caves may also serve as another example of the need to determine mystery from muddle. Earlier in the novel, a conversation is posed concerning the difference between the terms. Adele generally admits to abhorring mysteries, while Fielding chimes in agreement that â€Å"We English do† (73). However, it is Mrs.. Moore who makes the distinction between liking a mystery and disliking a muddle. The conversation ends with the question as to if India is a muddle. If India is a muddle, or not; what then would the caves be? Perhaps if the definition of the caves can be determined, then one could unlock the answer to whether India is a muddle or mystery. The difference between the terms mystery and muddle are never clearly defined in the novel. However, a mystery by definition generally has an answer at the end. The implication of the word muddle is that there is no answer and randomness exists. If one examines the caves and the events within them, perhaps muddle could be the more appropriate description. Mrs.. Moore certainly described chaos, and the mystery AT Dale’s Insult Is never solved. In ten caves scans ensues Ana no solutions are offered. This would indicate muddle. If the caves are muddle and reflect the real India; is India, therefore, a muddle or a mystery? Fielding seems to think â€Å"Indian’s a muddle† (73). However, if India is a muddle than the implications of this could be boundless. For if this one country and culture is summed up as a muddle, could not the same opinion be made about most other places and people? Is mankind’s existence random, chaotic, and essentially devoid of any real answers? These questions sound undoubtedly like what Mrs.. Moore was asking herself outside of the Marimba caves. She drew a linear relationship between the nothingness of the caves and her own existence; indicating the same connection between these elements. Perhaps Forester’s caves serve the purpose of showing that everything is essentially muddled. This muddle or mystery, subconscious, and freedom are all to be found with the Forester’s Marimba Caves. Each character upon entering them emerges with their own definition of their meaning. Mrs.. Moore and Adele both approached the caves as if taking a walk within the confines of their own psyches, each discovering their worries and their fears. Aziza found himself victim to the caves and the mystery that happened within them. In addition, all of these characters experienced the ramifications and revelations that arise when one is free from societal observation. The question was posed of whether the caves represented freedom, the subconscious, or the mystery of India. After careful exploration, it is obvious that the caves represent all of these different elements. Perhaps the Marimba caves even represent what is seemingly impossible- both meaning and muddle. Their contradictory coexistence might be the real mystery of India, and of existence. , Works Cited Forester, E. M. A Passage to India. How to cite Passage to India, Papers Passage to India Free Essays The Indian vs. the European Religion and Way of Thinking Religion is probably the most definitive factor in the way Indians lead their lives, particularly if they practice Hinduism and this is why the clash between Hinduism and Christanity in A Passage to India parallels the conflict between the Indians and the British. Hinduism is best represented in the novel by professor Godbole, and Christianity is epitomized in Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Passage to India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moore who comes to India with the kindness and understanding heart of a devout Christian but leaves morose and peevish. Perhaps she is haunted into this state by professor Godbole’s strange song. It is this song that forces Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested into emotional cocoons from which they only escape to meet horrible circumstances: Mrs. Moore is terrorized to the point of apathy and Mrs. Quested meets horror in caves. Another significant aspect is the enormous difference between the English colonial elite and the native population of India. One can see that the English treat the Indians with lack of respect and the Indians seem to expect it. Cultural misunderstanding is turned into a major theme in the novel. Differing cultural ideas and expectations regarding hospitality, social properties and the role of religion in daily life are responsible for misunderstandings between the English and the Muslim Indians, the English and the Hindu Indians, and between the Muslims and the Hindus. Aziz tells Fielding at the end of the novel: ‘It is useless discussing Hindus with me. Living with them teaches me no more. When I think I annoy them, I do not. When I think I don’t annoy them, I do’. Forster demonstrates how these repeated misunderstandings become hardened into cultural stereotypes and are often used to justify the uselessness of attempts to bridge the cultural gulfs How to cite Passage to India, Essay examples

Investment Portfolio Construction Finance †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investment Portfolio Construction Finance? Answer: Introduction The selection of appropriate investment approach or strategy is crucial for the investment manager because it sets the overall direction of the investments. Basically, there are two types of investment strategy such as active investment strategy and passive investment strategy. The selection of investment strategy is influenced by risk taking capacity and willingness of the investor. Thus, before finalizing the investment strategy, it is crucial to look into the risk and return preferences of the investor (Fabozzi and Markowitz, 2011). In this context, an investment proposal has been prepared in this document that seeks to provide investment advice to the client. The proposal covers a discussion on the selection of investment strategy and construction of a portfolio. The proposal gives description of the reasons for selection of investment alternative and establishes an alignment between the selected investment strategy and the constructed portfolio. Investment Philosophy and Strategy The most commonly applied investment strategies are active investment strategy and passive investment strategy. Under the active investment strategy, the focus of the fund manager is on value creation by exploiting inefficiencies of the market. Under this investment strategy, the fund manager seeks to find out the undervalued stocks and invests money in these stocks to earn profits (Rutterford and Davison, 2007). The investments under this strategy are made with short term objective. Since, the fund manager has to track the market inefficiencies; therefore, this strategy requires extensive research and analysis. The other strategy i.e. passive investment strategy stresses on investing in the stocks which perform in line with market. Under this investment strategy, the fund manager focuses on the long term investments. Further, the trading transactions under passive investment strategy also tend to be low because the funds are tied in for long term. Both the investment strategies are correct at their place, it is the risk and return preferences of the investors which influences the selection of investment strategy. The investors willing to take high risk for higher returns prefer adoption of active investment strategy while the risk-averse investors prefer passive investment strategy (Wermers and Yao, 2010). In the current case, the investor wants to invest $200,000 to accumulate funds for his retirement. The investor is willing to take high risk to earn high returns. Further, he does not specify the particular types of investment options. The investor is comfortable with direct investment in individual securities as well as indirect investment through managed funds or investment companies. Further, the investor does not any problems whatsoever with the investment in foreign securities. He is quite willing to get the exposure of the international market. Further, the client makes it clear that he wants portfolio aiming at capital growth rather than the one which earns periodic returns in the form of dividends. Thus, considering the investors prescriptions, the active investment strategy is selected. A portfolio with capital growth motive will be constructed under the active investment strategy. The fund manager will be responsible to carry out extensive research to find out undervalued securities. The fund manager will be targeted to earn profits by exploiting the inefficiencies of the market (Wermers and Yao, 2010). Recommended Portfolio Components The portfolio is constructed with a combination of securities. However, the selection of securities depends upon the return and risk preferences of the investor. It is the objective of every investor to earn return as high as possible and keep the risk as low as possible. However, the return and risk runs in parallel, which means that if the return increases, the risk will automatically increase. Thus, the objective of portfolio construction becomes optimization of the return and risk (Prigent, 2007). In the current case, the portfolio for the investor has been constructed as show in the table presented below: Individual Equity Max Price on 07/10/2017 Share/ units purchased Amount Cochlear Ltd Health Care Equipment 10% Max 153.14 130.00 19,908.20 CSL Ltd Biotechnology 10% Max 133.32 135.00 17,998.20 Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd Hotels, Resorts Cruise Lines 10% Max 51.45 389.00 20,014.05 Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd Restaurants 10% Max 44.93 400.00 17,972.00 REA Group Ltd Advertising 10% Max 63.35 284.00 17,991.40 93,883.85 Aberdeen Leaders Ltd Large, leading companies 10% 1.15 8,694.00 9,998.10 WAM Capital Limited Smaller companies 18% 2.43 14,908.00 36,226.44 46,224.54 US Equity 10% Min iShares SP 500 US SP 500 10% 320.83 62.00 19,891.46 Cash 20% Max 40,000.00 Total 199,999.85 Future sell contract Rate 5,663, Exposure 50% of $93,884= $46,942 The investor has total funds amounting to $200,000 which he wants to be invested in the individual equities, managed funds, and international equities. The investor has provided specifications regarding maximum and minimum amounts to be invested in the particular type of investment avenues. Considering the investors specifications, the portfolio has been constructed by allocating the total available funds of $200,000 in different asset classes. The investor has specified to invest not more than 50% of the funds in the individual equity securities in aggregate. Further, there is a restriction on investment of amount in the individual securities taken singly. It is stipulated that not more than 10% of the total funds are to be invested in a single company. Five stocks namely Cochlear Ltd, CSL Ltd, Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd, Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd, and REA Group Ltd have been selected from the top 100 companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. The companies have been selected in such a manner so that perfect diversification is achieved and the risk is reduced to the optimal level. All the companies belong to different sectors or industries as could be observed from the table given above. The data of risk and return of the companies for previous 7 years has been analyzed to assess the suitability of the stocks for investment. Along with the analysis of stocks, ASX market data has also been analyzed. The data analysis has been presented in the appendix. It could be observed that Cochlear Ltd has provided a monthly average return of 1.30% with standard deviation of 7.55% over the period of 7 years (Appendix). Further, CSL Ltd earned a monthly return of 1.66% with volatility of 5.07%. Flight Centre Travel Group Ltd has earned a return of 3.01% with volatility of 8.30% and Domino's Pizza Enterprises Ltd has provided a return of 1.40% with volatility of 9.16%. REA Group Ltd has been observed to be earning a return of 2.33% with volatility of 8.01%. The monthly average return on ASX index has been 0.30% with the volatility of 3.59%. This implies that all the five stocks selected in the portfolio are earning returns higher than the overall market return. Apart from this, approximately 28% of the total funds have been invested in the investment companies that further invest the funds in the different avenues. The investment in the investment companies provides larger diversification and reduces the risk further. Besides this, 10% of the total funds have been invested in US equities through 'iShares SP 500. Further, funds amounting to $40,000 have been kept in cash management account. This cash balance has been kept in account to meet the requirements of marginal pay for short selling of future contracts. The future contract at the rate of 5,663 has been taken to hedge 50% of exposure in individual Australian equities. Alignment of Portfolio Recommendations with the Investment Strategy The investment strategy selected for the client is active investment strategy. The active investment strategy requires selection of stocks that have potential to make higher returns. As it is known that higher stock returns would be coupled with higher risk; therefore the stocks having higher volatility in the prices have been selected from the list of top 100 companies. All the stocks provide returns higher than the market return. The primary aim of the active strategy is to beat the market by exploiting the market inefficiencies. The selection of stocks in the current portfolio aligns with this strategy because all the stocks comprised in the portfolio have the potential to beat the market (Haight, Ross, and Morrell, 2008).; Conclusion This document presents an investment proposal for a client who seeks to invest a sum of $200,000. From the discussion, it could be inferred that the assessment of risk and return preferences of the investor is the first and primary set in investment planning and portfolio construction. Based on the investors willingness to take risk, active investment strategy has been proposed to the client. Further, a well diversified investment portfolio has been constructed for the client. The portfolio involves individual stocks from Australian equities, investing companies, and exposure to US equity market. Further, since, the active investment strategy is considered risky, therefore, the risk exposure in Australian equities has been hedged with the use of future contracts derivatives. The client is recommended to review the portfolio on a regular basis and switch the positions from time to time as per market trend.; References Fabozzi, F.J. and Markowitz, H.M. 2011. Equity Valuation and Portfolio Management. John Wiley Sons. Haight, G.T., Ross, G., and Morrell, S.O. 2008. How to Select Investment Managers and Evaluate Performance: A Guide for Pension Funds, Endowments, Foundations, and Trusts. John Wiley Sons. Prigent, J. 2007. Portfolio Optimization and Performance Analysis. CRC Press. Rutterford, J. and Davison, M. 2007. An Introduction to Stock Exchange Investment. Palgrave Macmillan. Wermers, R. and Yao, T. 2010. Active vs. Passive Investing and the Efficiency of Individual Stock Prices. [Online]. Available at: https://finance.uni-mannheim.de/fileadmin/files/areafinance/files/Paper_Finance_Seminar/Wermers.pdf [Accessed on: 08 August 2017].

Time As A Determinate Of Final Product In A Dehydration Reaction Essay

Time As A Determinate Of Final Product In A Dehydration Reaction Time as a Determinate of Final Product in a Dehydration Reaction Robert Simack, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Abstract: This study involved acid dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The results varied depending on the time elapsed after initial reaction. I attempted to prove the Evelyn Effect, which stated that over a period of time the products of the aforementioned reaction will beobserved to change volume so that those products formed by a cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will form first. However, once all molecules in the cis isomer undergo reaction the remaining trans configured 2-methylcyclohexanols will proliferate during the latter period of the reaction. I also postulated as to the possible formulation of 1-ethylcyclopentene, and to the cause of such an event. Introduction: After researching acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions (McMurray) and background on the Evelyn Effect (Clausen) I hypothesize that the cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will react via an E1 type process forming 1-methylcyclohexene according to predictions from Zaitzev's rule (Lehman). This should be due to the fact that the cis isomer has 2 anti-coplanar hydrogens. These two hydrogens should make the molecule more reactive. The trans isomer, with only one anti-coplanar hydrogen, should be slower to react and will form a 3-methylcyclohexene. In addition the 1-ethylcyclopentene will be formed from both the cis and trans isomers but only if the hydroxyl group is in an equatorial position. In that position electrons from the ring may attack the alcohol directly from behind pushing it off the ring and forming a five-membered ring instead. Results the ratio was roughly 6:1 trans/cis. Finally, in the spectra of the third fraction the cis isomer was absolutely imperceptible while the integration of trans was nearly twice that of the integration from fraction one. These spectra show that cis reacted first and was quickly consumed by the reaction leaving trans isomers to finish the reaction. Because it is known that the reaction with cis starting material caused both 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methylcyclohexene I postulated that the foremost product of the latter stages of the reaction must be 3-methylcyclohexene, which is the sole product of the trans reaction (McMurray, chap. 11.12). In addition to the cis and trans peaks the peaks for both 3-methylcyclohexene and 1-methylcyclohexene could be found on the spectra at 5.7 and 5.4 respectively. The NMR showed that the integration of 1-methylcyclohexene dropped only slightly throughout the reaction while the integration of 3-methylcyclohexene increased nearly tenfold. The fi ndings from the spectra prove the hypothesis that the cis reaction will go the fastest followed by the trans because as the cis is consumed it's peak at 3.79 will decrease as well as the peak for 1-methylcyclohexene due to termination of that products formation. Also, peaks for 1-ethylcyclopentene begin to show in the spectra for the second fraction and increase in size (area beneath the peak) by the spectra of the third fraction. At the root of this phenomena is steric hinderance. Both the cis and trans isomers will form 1-ethylcyclopentene (fig. 1). However, because of steric hinderance the trans isomer is favored to form the 1-ethylcyclopentene. This fact will explain why more of the pentene shows up in the third fraction. Finally, a tiny peak showed at 4.6 in every fraction's spectra indicating the presence of methylenecyclohexane. This product formed from the original product by acid catalyst. Experimental: An apparatus was constructed with a round bottom flask topped by a claisen adaptor in which

Free Essays on Our Secret

Analysis of â€Å"Our Secret† by Isabel Allende In her short story â€Å"Our Secret,† Allende writes about a man and a woman who meet one day and spend the entire day together. They go back to the woman’s house and they begin to make love. He is unable to go through with it because of nightmares and hallucinations. He tries to make love to her, but feels himself losing it. They stop for a moment and lay side by side. Even though they had spent their lives their country, it says they will forever be foreigners and it is not exactly known what that means. He wants to leave before his nightmares consume him, but he stays because of his desire for her friendship. He sees her as innocent and defenseless, and wants to help her keep fear away. Fear is something he is unable to keep away. He then talks about a â€Å"warm, tender feeling, an enormous compassion for himself and for her, made his eyes sting† (pg 185). This feeling hurts or stings him because maybe it reminds him of a feeling he used to have fo r someone else. When the woman gets up to shut the curtain, he asks her to leave it open because he wants to look at her. In actuality he just can’t take the dark because it reminds him of his imprisonment and torture. He can’t tell her these things because he’s never shared them with anyone and it’s a wound that lies deep inside him. He then starts experiencing his nightmares of his imprisonment, and the â€Å"assault of so many ghosts† (pg 185). The ghosts still haunt him today apparently, and as the girl touches him he starts to lose it and hallucinate. He tries to hold on to reality but starts to feel the straps around his wrists and ankles and sees the other prisoners around him. He thinks about the screams of Ana, and since she is the only prisoner he mentions by name, we can tell she is significant in some way. When the woman he is with tries to talk to him, all he can hear is Ana’s voice. He cries in t... Free Essays on Our Secret Free Essays on Our Secret Analysis of â€Å"Our Secret† by Isabel Allende In her short story â€Å"Our Secret,† Allende writes about a man and a woman who meet one day and spend the entire day together. They go back to the woman’s house and they begin to make love. He is unable to go through with it because of nightmares and hallucinations. He tries to make love to her, but feels himself losing it. They stop for a moment and lay side by side. Even though they had spent their lives their country, it says they will forever be foreigners and it is not exactly known what that means. He wants to leave before his nightmares consume him, but he stays because of his desire for her friendship. He sees her as innocent and defenseless, and wants to help her keep fear away. Fear is something he is unable to keep away. He then talks about a â€Å"warm, tender feeling, an enormous compassion for himself and for her, made his eyes sting† (pg 185). This feeling hurts or stings him because maybe it reminds him of a feeling he used to have fo r someone else. When the woman gets up to shut the curtain, he asks her to leave it open because he wants to look at her. In actuality he just can’t take the dark because it reminds him of his imprisonment and torture. He can’t tell her these things because he’s never shared them with anyone and it’s a wound that lies deep inside him. He then starts experiencing his nightmares of his imprisonment, and the â€Å"assault of so many ghosts† (pg 185). The ghosts still haunt him today apparently, and as the girl touches him he starts to lose it and hallucinate. He tries to hold on to reality but starts to feel the straps around his wrists and ankles and sees the other prisoners around him. He thinks about the screams of Ana, and since she is the only prisoner he mentions by name, we can tell she is significant in some way. When the woman he is with tries to talk to him, all he can hear is Ana’s voice. He cries in t...

Discuss and evaluate the Nixon administration in terms of its foreign Assignment

Discuss and evaluate the Nixon administration in terms of its foreign and domestic policies - Assignment Example es included negotiation with China to reduce commitments of manpower to foreign nations, detente with the Soviet Union to negotiate peacefully, limit weapon trade between the U.S. and USSR, minimize public support for the war, and have peace through honor with the Vietnam (Tindel & Shi 1167). In 1970s, President Nixon decided to lower the prices of goods in order to achieve economic efficiency and lower the inflation rate that was high at 4.7% (Tindel & Shi 1119). He argued that lowering the prices of goods creates less supply and increase demand, thus creating shortages (Tindel & Shi 1119). A significant number of economists supported Nixon’s price control policy and argued that lowering prices of goods is a more efficient strategy in solving relatively mild inflation. Nixon’s primary target was to trim down the inflation rate by doing everything possible to stop the Korean War and Vietnamese war in which the U.S. was involved in (Tindel & Shi

Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Activity - Essay Example With the aim of finding new opportunities, the organization has to expand their line of business to meet customers’ demands, hence shun recurrent complains. To avoid failing of the business as well as ensuring adequate meeting of client’s demands, it entails the firm to apply appropriately marketing mix. Under product marketing mix, the organization will consider its 4Ps with the intention of applying it effectively with the intention of attaining high aggressive edge (Czinkota, Ilkka &Michael 57). The firm ought to expand its line of products by embarking on producing clothes other than games skits including supplying even hospitals with customized lab coats, patients’ attires as well as those of nurses. When setting the prices for the goods, it must know the reference value and set prices that are not costly compared to other firms supplying similar goods. Since the company will be supplying its merchandises in large quantities, it ought to sell them in wholesale terms including prices in order to retain and please its pool of clientele or segment. When it comes to promotion of the product, the company must get involved in things like exhibitions and trade fairs whereby it can adequately showcase the quality and range of goods. Placement in this case will entail the company to choose carefully the region or area easily accessible by not only clients but also other suppliers wishing to embrace the role of supplying. Under service marketing mix, the 3Ps, there must be physical evidence for the delivery of goods, which is either packaged or a signed delivery note (Czinkota, Ilkka , & Michael 57). The people who deliver the goods must do it in time besides products meeting all the requirements that were in the order (Czinkota, Ilkka & Michael 57). The processes of supplying goods or any other service that the customers need should be effective, which in turn will result to building

Literature Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Literature Review - Assignment Example Additionally, the human resource department of any organisation plays a critical role and function in ensuring that the output and productivity of that firm or organisation is on course. HCT as an organisation or a school also has an obligation and duty to ensure that it hires the best talent and skills in the industry to help in achieving the intended outcome. This research also looks into the issues and aspects of how best the HCT as an organisation or school could use the human resource management to continue to give excellence and service delivery not only to the students but the society as a whole. At the end, the students and the whole society of UAE would benefit by receiving the solutions that the HCT as an organisation would give. In principle, it is important and critical to note and mention that the study also aims at devising the ways and modes or approaches of developing a proper working relationship between the students, professors and the whole staff of HCT in the United Arabs Emirates (Sester, Giehl, McNerney, Kampmann, Walzl, Cuchà ­ & Meyerhans, 2010). Tentatively, it goes without saying or mentioning that the end goal and objective of HCT as an organisation would be to attract more students by producing excellence and good performance. This is to mention that continued academic achievements and excellence would be balan ced and coupled with continued growth in the student population by the students in the United Arab Emirates. From the outset, the tone and inclination of this source articulates the changing global patterns and trends by the world as a whole. This is to say that the article appreciates that the world or the global actors in the realm and aspects of business have embraced and continue to pursue new approaches in the area of human resource management. In the past, the societies pursued traditional measures where the human resource management. It also focuses mainly in the

Communication Practices at Abellio ScotRail

Communication Practices at Abellio ScotRail Aim To investigate and establish the impact of internal communication practices on employee engagement and performance at Abellio ScotRail Ltd. Objectives In order to achieve the above aim, the below research objectives have equally been set out as: To critically review the literature on both concepts to enhance the understanding of the concepts and associated theories, and their interaction by exploring the meaning and drivers of employee engagement, as well as internal communications meaning and role as a vehicle to support organisation performance. To adopt a case study strategy, this will facilitate the collection and analysis of both primary and secondary information necessary for the baseline of this research. To critically examine the existing internal communication policy, and practices at Abellio ScotRail Ltd and their contribution to employee engagement. To critically analyse employees and managers perspectives of internal communication and employee engagement at Abellio ScotRail Ltd. To present and then discuss primary research findings through comparison with the literature to date. To draw conclusions from primary and secondary research before providing recommendations where appropriate. Literature Review Employee engagement is recognised as an important factor affecting organisational effectiveness, innovation, and competitiveness (Goodman et al, 2009). Consequently, several authors and professionals have made an empirical contribution towards establishing an explicit meaning and understanding of the concept, however, there are many definitions of the employee engagement as there are authors without any consensus on the subject. This paper aims to make a brief contribution by considering the role of communication in enhancing employee engagement. Goodman et al, (2009) research study identified employee engagement as one of the three top trends facing organisations and the term has its roots more in an academic exercise. Given a global leadership concern about employee engagement, human resources and communication professionals involved in internal communication management need an in-depth understanding of the concept so that they can develop strategies and tactics which would contrib ute to building engagement in the workplace. Additionally, internal communication has been suggested to be an important factor in the development of employment engagement. This study now intends to tackle the gap in the literature with a proposed model of the role of internal corporate communication in enhancing employee engagement. This section intends to firstly provide an overview of the evolution of the employee engagement concept, discussing definitional approaches, and highlighting components of engagement. Secondly, it discusses issues arising from the review concerning the nature of the concept, including its relationship with overlapping and related constructs such as commitment and motivation; and finally, it develops a corporate communication perspective of employee engagement. The Development of employee engagement Analysis of employee engagement literature has enabled the identification of stages in the development of the employee engagement concept, conceptualised here as a series of waves. Wave 1 (1990-1999) The wave begins in the 1990s with academic work on personal engagement been led by Kahn. His work has a significant impact without the direct use of employee engagement as concept in his qualitative research nevertheless, by using personal work engagement, he defined it as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performance Kahn, (1990 p. 694) He further postulate the necessity of three psychological engagement conditions for an employee to engage themselves in their work role performance. Wave 2 (2000-2005) This second wave is characterised by professional consultancy firms that associated high engagement to increase corporate performance. Harter et al. (2003); Harter and Schmidt, (2008) made a report to Gallup Workplace Audit (GWA) questionnaire designed to measure series of elements that are called employee engagement. Consequently, they define employee engagement as a combination of cognitive and emotional antecedent variables in a work environment. Wave 3 (2006-2010) Taking the lead in the third wave of employee engagement work, Saks (2006) regards employee engagement as a concept more rooted in practitioner literature than academic literature. He is in agreement with Kahns view of employee engagement been consists of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural components. Equally in this league is the work of professional body such as the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, 2006) as well as Bakker and Leiter, (2010) published work that throws more light on work engagement as it was then called William A. Kahn (1990) regard the concept of engagement in a workplace as the harnessing of organisational members selves to their work roles in his research study through which he identified three dimensions of engagement as emotional, physical and cognitive. Kahn (1990) developed the concepts of personal engagement and disengagement which are used in describing the behaviours by which people bring in or leave out their personal selves during work role performances. He defined personal engagement as the harnessing of organisation members selves to their work roles; in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during role performances. Personal disengagement was defined as the extrication of oneself from work roles; that is, people pull out and shield themselves physically, cognitively, or emotionally during work role performances. Kahn (1990, 1992), stated that employees can be engaged on one dimension and not the other. But, the more an employee is engaged on each dimension, the higher his personal engagement. In consequence of this, Kahn concentrated on the emotional, cognitive and physical aspect of engagement in his research study. In the work of Macey and Schneider (2008) engagement is defined along the line of the psychological state, trait, and behavioural engagement which is characterized by feelings of passion, energy, enthusiasm, and activation. Behavioural engagement is described as an adaptive behaviour; Trait engagement as a number of interconnected personalities while attributes relate to state engagement whether directly or indirectly to behavioural engagement. A different definition of employee engagement stems from the positive psychology champion by Maslach and Jackson (1981) with its centre of attention on the positive as against the negative aspects of work described as a burnout. They conducted a research on employee burnout and developed what is now known as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). According to Maslach and Jackson (1981), burnout is a psychological condition that ensues from persistent interpersonal relations at work. In addition, Schaufeli and Bakker (2004) in their view regard engagement as the exact positive diametric of workplace burnout. This is a reversal model score of the Maslach Burnout Inventory measurement of engagement, Maslach, et al, (2001). This indicated a low score on job fatigue and a high score on professional efficiency are indicators of engagement. Furthermore, Theresa M. Welbourne (2007) defined engagement in relation to the behaviour of the managers when she posits that engaged employees are those that work and prosper in the noncore job roles using a performance model she developed. The model identified six major roles that employees engage at work. These are (i) Core job-holder role, (ii) Entrepreneur/ innovator role, (iii) coming up with new ideas, participating in others innovations, (iv) Team member role, (v) Career role, and (vi) Organizational member role or citizenship role. Going by Saks, (2006) term, employee engagement is job and organisation engagements which are related but distinct constructs. They attributed the rationale for Employee engagement to Social exchange theory explaining that employees will choose to engage themselves to varying degrees and in response to the resources they receive from their organization. The two most dominant roles for most organizational members are their work role and their role as a member of an organization. In the opinion of Robinson et al (2004) employee engagement is an inspirational disposition held by the employee towards the organisation and its values. Gallup, as reported by Dernovsek (2008), compares employee engagement to the employees positive emotional sentimental attachment and commitment to the organisation. The CIPD (2016) recognises employee communication, better known as internal communication, as an essential part of the business and the HR function. It continues that effective internal communication is important for developing trust within an organisation and it is shown to have a significant impact on employee engagement, organisational culture and, ultimately, productivity (CIPD, 2016). This collaborates Boynton and Mishras (2014) earlier research study that examined the role of communication in the public relations (PR) industry and suggested that internal communication can play an important role in building trust and behaviour as shown by public relations professionals in the industry.

Medieval versus Renaissance Eras :: Compare Contrast History Art Essays

Medieval and Renaissance Eras   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is amazing how significantly various aspects of society can and will change over a prolonged period of time. Between the time periods of the Medieval era and the Renaissance, one can note numerous significant changes, mainly those pertaining to art and religion. In general, ideals and subjects during the Renaissance became more secular. In Medieval times, people seemed to focus mainly on the church, God, and the afterlife; during the Renaissance, the focus was more secular: humans and life on earth. Although these two eras differ in many ways, the most concentrated differences deal with the realms of architecture, painting, and philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Architecture noticeably shifted from religious awe to classical reason between the Medieval era and the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, architecture was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. Medieval cathedrals had very distinct features, such as pointed spires, which were exactly that -- spires, or steeples, that were pointed and extended upward from the tower area; the rose window, which was a large stained glass window that was located on the front of the tower; and squared-off exterior walls, which were a contrast to the usual rounded exterior designs that people were accustomed to. Overall, cathedrals during this time could have very elegant features due to the excellent techniques of support and stabilization. Buttresses, simple extensions of the cathedral wall to enhance support, and flying buttresses, stone structures set away from the cathedral wall and attached at the top, contributed to the excellent support that Medieval cathedrals experienced. While architectural advancements during the Middle Ages were concerned mainly with making elegant reformations in the structure of the cathedral, architecture during the Renaissance was much less religion- centered, and revolved more around classical reason and secularity. Architecture in this time was concentrated mostly with the design of castles, such as the home of the prevailing Italian Medici family, perhaps the richest family in Europe. Architectural focus had changed from the cathedral in the Medieval era to other, more classical and secular subjects, such as castles and homes of significant rulers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The style, subjects, and overall attitude of painting was something that underwent very significant changes during the progression from Medieval times to the Renaissance. Generally, paintings became more secular, and less focused on aspects of the church, as the Renaissance approached. Medieval paintings seem to be focused almost entirely on religion and are given heavenly attributes, while paintings of the Renaissance consist mainly of secular subjects and contain much more realism, especially noted in human subjects. In Giotto's Madonna With Child, a Medieval painting, any observer will obviously notice that the child and woman are very awkwardly proportioned, indicating the

Police culture

Police Culture Number 8 powerpoint (Definition)The knowledge, attitudes, expectations, behaviours and rituals that exist amongst police, or which more broadly, characterize a police force. Police Culture affects: how police see themselves and their role as police how they see the world around them, how they police (how policing is performed). Differences exist within and between police cultures. Police officers, as individuals, will not all equally adopt or adhere to the dominant police culture. Police culture cannot be divorced from the social, political, economic, legal and organizational context of policing. Police cultures can change.Police Culture: Characteristics Sense of Mission: the thin blue line' A crucial, dangerous but thankless Job ,Not Just a Job, but a way of life0 Policing thought of as protecting the weak from the strong (not at all political, relating to power within society). o ‘Us versus them' mentality evident Law enforcers and law abiders versus law breake rs Action Orientated: ‘Real Policing' Emphasis on ‘real policing as that which occurs in the public sphere and which involves dangerous or potentially dangerous situations and confrontations. ?(ie. responding to reports of rime, raids, shoot outs, car pursuits and so on).Greatest status attached to Homicide Squads and Tactical Response Units. Cynicism and Pragmatism Required to obey law, yet see law as limiting and naive Must go beyond the law, to do their Job and get results. Favour expedience over due process These characteristics of police culture have been related to various negative behaviours: Unlawful detentiono- The improper use of force0- Breaches of proper interview processes – Corruptiono- Dismissal of some crimes/victimso- Commission of some offences Isolation and Solidarity Feel different from other people based on work and work-related xperiences.Sense of isolation intensified by problems socializing with non-police due to others reactions, difficult ies turning off, shift work. Closest bonds forged with other police Very loyal to, and protective of, other officers MasculinistDominance of masculinist perspectives and practices. Reiner has described police culture as an ‘old – Ofashioned world of machismo'. ‘Real policing' associated with confrontation, physical strength, danger Male-dominated composition of police forces has contributed to this. Racism Widely documented evidence of suspicion, hostility and rejudice in police dealings with racial and ethnic minorities.Evidenced in well- known instances (ie. Rodney King) through to everyday policing practices. Once again partly attributable to historical composition of police forces. Also relates to their role acting on behalf of states to administer racially- Obased laws and policies (segregation, removal of indigenous children). 7. Conservatismo Social and politically conservative. Emphasis upon maintaining the status quo. Once again, partly a consequence of h istorical composition and role of police Approaches to policing and the community Number 9 Traditional Policing- (as developed with rise of modern police forces).Community Policing (developed over past 30, largely in response to concerns raised over the methods and outcomes ot traditional policing. ) Traditional Policing: Police seen as separate from the community ,Role of the police is to respond to crime. ,Police effectiveness is measured by changes in crime rates and arrest rates. Concerned primarily with the policing of public sphere, rather than private sphere. Use of force is viewed as legitimate and necessary to Opreservation of order – militarization of police over past 40 y ears with rise of law and order.Community Policing The development of community policing was based upon recognition that a lack of familiarity and respect between police and specific communities sometimes resulted in negative and repressive policing practices being used, and the fostering of mutua l suspicion and antagonism between police and communities. Young people? gays and lesbians, indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities recognized as particularly affected. What is Community Policing? No universally accepted definition of community policing.As an approach to policing, it can best be described as onsisting of a broad range of strategies designed to improve policing by connecting police more closely to local communities and supporting relationships. Includes programs such as: 0 Neighbourhood Watch 0 Crime Stoppers00 Blue-light Discos School Education Programs Development of specific community policing units The appointment of Liaison Officers (such as: YLOs /0MLOs ) and committees involving police and community members . Formalised relationships with other community agencies0(for example, sexual assault and domestic violence services, ambulance services, welfare service).Reform of procedures for dealing with some types of ffences – SOCIT (Secual Offences an d Child Abuse Investigation Teams Increased police presence, visibility and availability (for example, police on bicycles, shop fronts) Use of media to involve public in policing and crime prevention Police organising and hosting activities and programs – particularly for young people (such as the Ropes Program) Police learning and demonstrating the ‘art of negotiation' with difficult groups Police taking a more gentle/balanced approach to policing Community Policing Compared to the traditional approach to policing, community policing Aims to be more pro-active and pre-emptive. More concerned with peacekeeping and conflict resolution than crime fighting0 Based on complexities of local context and on building relationships Envisages police as part of the community and as needing to be responsive and answerable to it. Police Culture Police Culture in the United States Team B: Sean Milton, Shane Hunter, Joshua Nine, Tim Eichler, and Jason Fougere CJA/214 November 20, 2012 Bernard Fitchpatrick Needs to be 1,050-1400 words Police Culture in the United States Analyze police culture, including the significance of stress in policing The study in police culture started in 1960 and the 1970’s by the work of Cain and Banton in the United Kingdom and Skolnick and Westlesy in the United States.Even though the study work wasn’t specifically concerned with police culture but rather sociological analysis of police officer and police work, it provided a wealth of material through the observation and analysis that was then later used to help formulate the theories of police culture. The characteristics of police culture have tended to remain static since the early days when first police researching program started. The literature on the police culture remained uncontenious for many years.Once the research started the results were rarely challenged and it is in only recent years that anyone has begun to see a body of work that is questioning these ‘core assumptions’ (Chan, 1997) about policing that has emanated from a culture analysis. It makes the police more then rather than less human than they have and reproduce their own culture. The police officer job is a very stressful job in many aspects, the occupational stressors as a cop rank most highly within the population were not specific to policing.The organization issues such as the demands of work impinging upon the life at home, lack of consultation and communication, the lack of control over workload, and the support and excess workload in general. The most recent study confirms previous findings of organization culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree that symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officer proven by research.Analyze the culture for women and ethnic minorities in policing and how they can achieve equality in law enforcement Describe the internal and external mechanisms that control police discretion Conclusion * References * Grant, H. B. & Terry, K. J. 2012. Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. * Walker, S. & Katz, C. M. 2011. The Police in America: An Introduction, 7th ed. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. * University of Phoenix. (2011). CJ Interactive [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA214 website. * * * * Police Culture Police Culture in the United States Team B: Sean Milton, Shane Hunter, Joshua Nine, Tim Eichler, and Jason Fougere CJA/214 November 20, 2012 Bernard Fitchpatrick Needs to be 1,050-1400 words Police Culture in the United States Analyze police culture, including the significance of stress in policing The study in police culture started in 1960 and the 1970’s by the work of Cain and Banton in the United Kingdom and Skolnick and Westlesy in the United States.Even though the study work wasn’t specifically concerned with police culture but rather sociological analysis of police officer and police work, it provided a wealth of material through the observation and analysis that was then later used to help formulate the theories of police culture. The characteristics of police culture have tended to remain static since the early days when first police researching program started. The literature on the police culture remained uncontenious for many years.Once the research started the results were rarely challenged and it is in only recent years that anyone has begun to see a body of work that is questioning these ‘core assumptions’ (Chan, 1997) about policing that has emanated from a culture analysis. It makes the police more then rather than less human than they have and reproduce their own culture. The police officer job is a very stressful job in many aspects, the occupational stressors as a cop rank most highly within the population were not specific to policing.The organization issues such as the demands of work impinging upon the life at home, lack of consultation and communication, the lack of control over workload, and the support and excess workload in general. The most recent study confirms previous findings of organization culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree that symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officer proven by research.Analyze the culture for women and ethnic minorities in policing and how they can achieve equality in law enforcement Describe the internal and external mechanisms that control police discretion Conclusion * References * Grant, H. B. & Terry, K. J. 2012. Law Enforcement in the 21st Century, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall. * Walker, S. & Katz, C. M. 2011. The Police in America: An Introduction, 7th ed. New York, NY. McGraw-Hill. * University of Phoenix. (2011). CJ Interactive [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA214 website. * * * *

20 Essay Topics About a Teacher Why Is It Difficult to Be a Teacher Today

20 Essay Topics About a Teacher Why Is It Difficult to Be a Teacher Today The first thing a student should take care of when dealing with academic writing is choosing a proper topic.   An essay on a teacher seems to be an easy task for a student but it’s not as easy as it may appear. The main thing is not just to present the information but to understand what it means to be a teacher in the contemporary world. That will help a student choose a captivating topic to reflect it in the paper. 20 Topics to Focus on We offer 20 interesting topics that will help each student write both objective and subjective papers. Pros and Cons of the Authoritative Way of Teaching What Is More Effective: to Teach in the Class or to Teach via Skype? Can a Robot with the Artificial Intelligence Replace a Teacher? A â€Å"Good† Teacher: the Evolution of the Requirements to a Teacher During Last 50 Years Teachers Educate People. Why do IT-specialists Earn More than an Average Teacher Then? Can Self-Learning Modules Substitute a Real Teacher? What Teaching Method Is More Effective Today: Authoritative, Liberal or Democratic? Who Is Considered to Be a Better Teacher: a Man or a Woman? May a Teacher Make Mistakes? What Can the Government Do to Improve the Working Conditions for a Teacher? The Difference between Teachers Who Work in the Third-World Countries and in the Developing Countries Is There Any Difference between a Teacher Who Works at a Traditional Public School and a Teacher Who Works in a Private School? Village Schooling vs. City Schooling: What Teachers Supply Their Students with Better Knowledge Can Teacher’s Style and Look Affect the Teaching Process and Students’ Learning Achievements in a Negative Way? May Teachers and Students Become Friends or Should There Be a Certain Distance between Them? Is Exchange Teaching Effective? How Does a Teacher Benefit When Teaching Abroad? The Role of Missionary Teachers in the Development of Education in the Cities of Central Africa A Teacher Is Going to Be Replaced by His or Her Virtual Hologram. In What Way Can a Tutor Control the Discipline in the Class and Students’ Learning Achievements? What Temperament Suits a Perfect Teacher? (phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic, sanguine person) What Traits of Character Should a Good Teacher Possess Today? A student should think of the urgent problem, create a captivating title, and present the solution in the essay that will be supported by strong facts. Essay Sample on a Teacher: Why Is It Difficult to Be a Teacher Today? Everybody can agree that teaching is a vocation but not a job. You can hardly find a person who wants to be a teacher and hates children. That’s nonsense! Teaching requires too much time because a person works at the school and then gets ready for the lessons (writing plans, searching for information, checking papers, etc.) at home. So, one can state that teachers never rest. That’s why if people don’t consider tutoring to be their cup of tea, it’s better to avoid this profession any way possible. Why is it so hard to be a good teacher today? There are several reasons. First of all, a teacher needs a good education. Still, there are exchange programs which let a non-qualified person work at a school for some period in the USA, Ukraine, and a number of other countries. Such a person doesn’t earn much, though. Those who are qualified teachers have more options. They have opportunities to get a job at a private tutoring, private, and language schools. Sometimes, education means nothing without practice. Students have to pass exams at the end of the study, then undergo two years of practice and then pass an exam again in Germany. Future teachers suffer because in comparison to other countries their salaries are rather high (â‚ ¬3500 when an average salary is â‚ ¬2500) in Germany. Due to that, they can travel and live comfortably. Teachers in other countries cannot boast of having such an income. For example, a Ukrainian or a Russian teacher with minimum experience can hardly pay bills, to say nothing about proper clothing and medical insurance. A person should work at least 15-20 years to get an adequate salary. That’s why too many teachers move abroad in order to supply their families or to find better living conditions. The next thing that prevents people from becoming a teacher is the school itself. Today, not all schools are supplied with proper equipment to use in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Physical Education, etc. For instance, it’s really hard to practice listening comprehension without a laptop or any other device (Smartboard, tablets, etc.). A teacher of Physics or Chemistry will have problems when explaining different chemical or physical processes without the required equipment (flasks, chemicals, amperemeter, and others). Finally, it’s really hard to motivate pupils and surprise them. Today everyone can watch different videos, listen to various audio-materials, and read a number of articles (or even download them) to learn sciences and languages absolutely free.   That’s why a teacher should prove that his or her assistance is necessary. In addition, a teacher has to show something new and interesting to children in order to make them study and long for knowledge. So, one may conclude that teaching does really need a person who can devote most of the time and efforts to shape someone’s life. In-born teachers should feel satisfaction from the job they do. It’s such a good feeling to see how children who couldn’t say a word in French sing a French song and stage a play at the end of the term. Teachers, who follow their vocation, like to conduct lessons and to spend much time with their students. Teachers should understand that they don’t just supply kids with knowledge on some subject. They educate and inspire an individual. They bring them up and often are treated as an icon of perfectness. Students often want to look, sound, move, and speak like their teachers. So, if you don’t like children and are not ready to deal with self-improvement daily, you’d better not enter a pedagogical university. References: CAZ (2018). How to Teach around the World. https://www.ytravelblog.com/how-to-teach-around-the-world/ Education Degree. 2017 Outlook for Teaching Salaries around the World. https://www.educationdegree.com/articles/teaching-salaries-around-the-world Teacher’s Blog: the Guardians. How Teachers Are Rated in 21 Countries around the World. https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/oct/03/teachers-rated-worldwide-global-survey The International Massmedia Agency (2017). Portrait of the Ukrainian teacher: woman over 40 with a salary of 7000 UAH.   https://intmassmedia.com/2017/10/01/portrait-of-the-ukrainian-teacher-woman-over-40-with-a-salary-of-7000-uah/ L. Garfield and S. Gal. The Best and Worst Countries to Be a Teacher, Based on Salary. https://www.businessinsider.com/teacher-salaries-by-country-2017-5 Teaching Certification. German Teacher Certification. teaching-certification.com/german-teacher-certification.html Global Citizen. 10 Barriers to Education Around the World. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/10-barriers-to-education-around-the-world-2/

Music

Music Film Showing in EnglishThe Book ThiefGifted HandsLike Stars On EarthSubmitted by: Siojo, Louisa Mae S.Section: NS1-o1Book ThiefSummaryThe Book Thief is narrated by Death, who tells a story of a ten years old girl named Liesel Meminger. It's January 1939, Liesel, her mother and his brother Werner are being taken to the small town of Molching, just outside of Munich, Germany, to live with foster parents Hans and Rosa Hubermann. Werner died in the train f mysterious causes having to do with poverty, hunger, cold, and lack of medical treatment. Her mother buries the boy in a cemetery by the tracks and Liesel picks up a book, "The Gravediggers Handbook", which was fell from a young grave diggers coat on the grave of her brother and brings it with her. When she arrived to her new home Liesel is reluctant to enter the Hubermann house on Himmel Street, but is coaxed by her foster father, Hans, to whom she takes an immediate liking.The Band ConcertWe meet five days a week, and play five days a week. Being a member of the Concert Band is not only a great opportunity to practice the wonderful collection of songs we play, but is always fun. Some of my best friends I know are people that I met through the band and they are ones I have been playing since elementary school. It feels nice to know that it is possible to be with your friends every day doing something you all share a passion for. I can come into the class confidently that I will always have a great time with exceptional instruction. Our band director, Mrs. Bollaro, is there every day to help us master our music. Not only does she provide great tips to all of us, we...

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International finance - Essay Example In fact, the creation of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as well as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), had both been the consequences of the conference. The innate characteristics of the conference had been – Firstly, the conference stressed upon the fixation of upper and lower limits for the exchange rates of any domestic currency. Such a system would help in reducing possibilities of financial distress owing to fluctuations in the rate of exchange. The upper and lower limits of the rate of exchange are on the other hand, made the domain of the national government with regard to their respective current account positions. To be precise, the domestic governments were allowed to make adjustments to up to 10% below or above the pegged rates of exchange. The domestic currency of any nation was made completely convertible with any other currency to ease foreign trade. Lastly, all nations were made members to the International Monetary Fund so as to make the latter’s task easier to conduct at times when a financial crisis takes place. The system collapsed during 1970s, though that did not mean that the whole world converted itself into a system of floating exchange rates. For instance, the nations underlying European Union follow a fixed exchange rate regime where they maintain a fixed rate of exchange with the Euro as well as between themselves (Alderman, 2011, ‘Europe’s Challenge: Fostering Growth Amid Austerity’). Answer to Question 2 According to the concept of uncovered interest rate parity (UIP), the difference between the rates of returns on domestic and foreign bonds must be equal to the expected change in the rate of exchange

Mark Twain used his writings to condemn hypocrisy because he feels Essay

Mark Twain used his writings to condemn hypocrisy because he feels that people should be able to tell the truth at all times.How - Essay Example In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck’s last statement that, â€Å"But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before.† (Twain 569). Twain was trying to show the experience of Huck with Aunt Sally. Huck tries to explain that he has been enlightened before people of his age and this could be due to the fact that Huck started learning to be ‘sivilized’ at a tender age. ‘Territory’ in this context could be said to mean ‘the Indian territory’, hence, Huck’s first sentence could be said to mean that he had wanted to be independent before people of his age. Huck’s next statement that ‘because Aunt Sally she’s going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can’t stand it. I been there before’ was used by Huck to kick against his adoption by Aunt Sally as he knows tha t Sally is someone that would try to instill some societal values and norms in him and he has had this experience before and this is something that he did not enjoy in any way. Huck’s experience with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson were actually the ‘sivilizing’ experience he had as she tried to reform Huck and make sure that he conformed to the societal rules and order.

Explain database security issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explain database security issues - Essay Example Locking refers to the means of synchronization of potentially simultaneous database or even other ordinary resource’s utilization. In operating systems, locking helps in enforcing and ascertaining the occurrence of events in the appropriate series (Pratt & Adamski, 2011). As the most effective means of enhancing security of data, encryption refers to the translation of data into ciphertext form, which cannot be understood easily by illicit individuals. Therefore, encryption involves the conversion of essential data into secret codes. Encrypted data is sent in codes instead of plain, simple words making it necessary for the receiver’s computer to decrypt such data for one’s display. The reader of such data requires a secret password or key to enhance decryption of the data (Pratt & Adamski, 2011). Views refer to the saved select statements, which permit an individual to work upon the outcomes returned from them. Views are essential in provision of column- or row-level data access, wrapping up sophisticated joints, executing sophisticated collective queries, and tailoring data display (Singh & Kanjilal, 2009). Views are fundamental security tools, habitually utilized in thwarting users from having unrestricted access to tables whereas permitting them to operate with the presented data. All consents can be eradicated from the principal tables, and provided the table’s owner is the view’s owner, the user will have the ability of interacting with the given data, but based on authorizations approved to the view (Pratt & Adamski, 2011). Duplication (replication) refers to a set of catalog objects and data copying and distribution technologies from a given folder into another. This is followed by the sychronization between the two databases in order to uphold uniformity. In the process, a database is copied from one server into another, followed by protection of the dissimilar copies in concurrence. Data replication, on the other hand,

Guide for the internment of japanese americans Essay Example for Free

Guide for the internment of japanese americans Essay Read and be prepared to provide a brief summary of one of the personal stories (chapters) from Last Witnesses: Reflections on the Wartime Internment of Japanese Americans, Erica Harth ed. (Chapters will be handed out at the March book group session.) Reading questions: 1. Carefully read the ‘Note for Students’ at the start of the book, paying particular attention to what Edward Countryman says about written history. He says â€Å"But good historians always approach the past on its own terms, taking careful stock of the period’s cultural norms and people’s assumptions or expectations, no matter how different from contemporary attitudes. † What point is he making here and do you agree with him? 2. The various essays in the book are taken from historical scholarship produced over time and with very different access to government documents and personal records and remembrances of the events surrounding Roosevelt’s signing the Executive Order. What does this scholarship tell us about writing with proximity to an event? How can this help us, as teachers, explain to our students what the historian does? 3. Roger Daniels in ‘The Decision for Mass Evacuation’ argues that Japanese Americans were placed in ‘concentration camps’. Other commentators continue to call the sites ‘Internment Camps’. Does it matter what these places were called? 4. Daniels quotes from one of the California proponents of removal (p. 50) that the Japanese could not be trusted at all because they had been so discriminated against in the past that they had become â€Å"unassimilable† and could not be well enough known to be trusted. Compare this point of view to the arguments used to ‘drive out’ the Chinese from the same places in the late nineteenth century. How much do you think being able to brand a group as ‘the other’ plays a role in these two cases? Do you think the same arguments were utilized after September 11 to justify Guantanamo? 5. Why did FDR, despite all of the evidence he was presented to the contrary, sign the Executive Order? In a related question, How did the tenor of the times lead the Supreme Court and a variety of seemingly able attorneys to bend the law, hide crucial evidence, and carry out the removals? 6. How is Gordon Hirabayshi like many of the leading Chinese individuals we read about in Driven Out? 7. Think about social guilt and historical responsibility and whether countries must think through past injustice and apologize for them and make some sort of reparations? We have the cases to consider from our readings of the Chinese on the West Coast, African Americans post-slavery, and Japanese Americans after the Second World War. Does the generation that did not inflict the harm owe the apology and the debt, or does this sort of thinking prolong the discord and inhibit efforts at reconciliation? 8. Dorothea Lange was hired by the War Relocation Authority to document the relocation process, but when the Army saw the tenor/tone of her work they impounded all of the photos and most of them never saw the light of day until 2006! Compare some of the photos from Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange and try to figure out why Langes were disappeared.’ (See links below.) Web Sites: 1. Exploring the Japanese-American Internment through film and the Internet. http://www.asianamericanmedia.org/jainternment/ President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the mass incarceration of over 110,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. Two-thirds were American citizens. Over half were children or infants. Their crime: their Japanese ancestry. Forty-six years later our government officially apologized for this grave injustice and paid reparations. Could it happen again to another group of Americans? 2. This site supplements a recent PBS documentary titled ‘Children of the Camps’. ‘Children of the Camps’ is a one-hour documentary that portrays the poignant stories of six Japanese Americans who were interned as children in US concentration camps during W.W.II. The film â€Å"captures a three-day intensive group experience, during which the participants are guided by Dr. Satsuki Ina, a university professor and therapist, through a process that enables them to speak honestly about their experiences and the continuing impact of internment on their lives today.† http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/ 3. This amazing site contains an annotated directory of Internet-based resources on the Internment. http://newton.uor.edu/DepartmentsPrograms/AsianStudiesDept/asianam-intern.html 4. Great website with historical timeline, memories, posters from the camps and other primary source material. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/main.html 5. Site is the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco. Site contains lots of primary sources and a collection of articles from the San Francisco News during March 1942 when the Executive order was signed. http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/evactxt.html 6. Famed photographer Ansel Adams took a series of 242 photographs at the Manzanar War Relocation Center. Photos can be found at this site. http://www.asianamericans.com/AnselAdamsManzanar.htm 7. Dorothea Lange and the Internment of the Japanese http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist/lange.html

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay

Deinstitutionalization Of Mental Hospitals In 1970 Criminology Essay Introduction Deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals came into play in 1970 in the United States; the program aimed at treating mentally retarded patients within the community itself rather than maintaining and treating them at mental hospitals. During these days, state mental hospitals were regarded as institutions that deprived the mentally ill patients their freedom to associate with family and community members within the society. For instance, the United States Congress approved the Community Mental Health Centers Act that facilitated deinstitutionalization, thus getting out the mentally ill persons from confinements of the custodial institutions into deliberate medication at the community mental health institutions. Despite the perceived good of deinstitutionalization by the policy makers in the United States and the world over, the move has brought about more sophisticated problems. In essence the whole program has failed to achieve its objectives and has led to mentally ill individual suffering in the boulevards and dungeons, as well as in the shelter homes, and beggars homes, (Sheth 12). To be true enough, the policy of deinstitutionalization has failed completely. New Freedom Commission on Mental Health analyzed the American public mental health and confirmed that it is in a terrible state. This paper is aimed at discussing the impacts of deinstitutionalization for the last 35 years on criminal justice, advantages and disadvantages of deinstitutionalization and how mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systems. Discussion As at the present, it is estimated that more than 4.5 million Americans are suffering from severe mental illnesses. The total number of persons that do not receive medication out of the 4.5 millions is approximately 40%. This has increased homelessness, violence, and incarceration. Since the onset of deinstitutionalization policy, almost one third of homeless persons in the US suffer from severe mental retardation. In addition in Oklahoma, researchers have established that there is a correlation existing between the increasing number of suicidal and the decreasing state of mental health centers. Ted Strickland, a US congressman testified that, thousands of mentally ill persons are being taken out of hospitals and dumped in communities where there are no adequate mental health services that cannot receive and take care of them. The idea of deinstitutionalization has culminated into trans-institutionalization, whereby large numbers of mentally ill individuals find themselves in prisons, jails, and homeless shelters, (Sheth 15). For instance, the recent studies have shown that more than 40% of Beggars Home inmates are mentally ill. The policy of deinstitutionalization is a recipe of the evil that is done to the mentally ill persons in the US. The defenseless and helpless mentally ill people roam and beg on streets, roadside, footpaths, and are also seen starving in streets, eating from garbage bins and take refuge in shelter homes. In addition the society jeers at them, verbally, physically and sexually abuse them. Policy makers who came up with this particular policy, wanted to clean and beautiful mental hospitals without taking into consideration that the streets and other social places will be messed up. Recent studies have established that there are more mentally sick people in prisons and jails compared to those ones that are hospitalized. Around 9,000 people released from New York jails and prisons on annual basis have psychiatric disabilities without housing or support services. It has also been found out that 40 to 50% of community mental health system clients have a history of criminal arrest. Furthermore there is a direct link between closure of mental hospitals and mushrooming of new prisons and jails. With regard to the US department of Justice, when 40 mental hospitals were closed in the past ten years, 400 new prisons were opened up. The law enforcement department is now tasked with confronting and solving the communitys problems resulting from deinstitutionalization. For instance, studies show that, more than 70% of mentally ill individual should be sent to jail for their own safety and well-being. Recent research depict that rates of arrest of mentally ill persons is higher compared to that of normal people, (Sheth 17). This is because; such individuals are arrested on charges like disturbing peace and criminal trespass. In the first place, incarceration was thought to be the best remedy with regard to vast problems faced on the streets; the reality is that arresting a chronically mentally ill person and taking him or her into custody and forcefully imposing criminal justice, denies justice to all concerned. Of all the mentally ill persons arrested only 12% are arrested for charges that significantly warrant for incarceration. Moreover, 54% of mentally ill arrestees are always found to be incompetent and hence can not stand trials. Arresting mentally ill persons in essence does not solve the problem or enforce criminal justice but rather intensifies management and financial problems for detention facilities. These kinds of arrests only fill criminal court calendar rather than solving the problem. The moment of arresting mentally ill individuals, the criminal justice enforcement funds are shifted to mental health area to cater for the arrestee, with law and justice enforcement agencies instead of state hospitals playing their fundamental duty of housing and treating the mentally ill. In fact at the detention levels surveys have found out that between 50% and 60% of the inmate population are mentally ill with successful suicide rate 75% higher that of the general population. Advantages of Deinstitutionalization Treatment of outpatient clinics is less expensive and effective as compared to treatment in highly sophisticated mental hospitals that require boarding fees in addition to medical fees. Consequently, the patients will have freedom of community based treatment as compared to in-patient hospitals. Disadvantages of deinstitutionalization Deinstitutionalization has broadly contributed to homelessness, as people released from in-patient facilities have no place to go. Furthermore, it has also led to a revolving door situation, where chronically mentally ill persons are periodically hospitalized, released and eventually hospitalized. How mental health issues should be addressed in correctional systems With regard to criminal justice to mentally ill individuals, a proactive and conscious approach is a basic requirement and several elements are significant in implementing such an approach. Studies have shown and suggested that law enforcement officers have higher chances of arresting a mentally ill person than it is to a normal person. In relation to this, officers in criminal justice department should undergo or receive extensive training with regard to handling cases of such kind. The training should not only advocate for identifying mental illness symptoms but also provide communication skills and knowledge that the officer can use to communicate with and handle the psychiatric patient. The training should also be designed in a manner that does not compromise the humane treatment or concern for the officers safety. Criminal justice department especially the law enforcement agencies should collaborate and negotiate with medical institutions to come up with policies and mental illness cases procedures, implementing no-decline agreements that would importantly increase the choices of the criminal justice system. For better service delivery by law enforcement officers, the psychiatric com munity should wholly be involved by putting aside their mutual stereotypes and antagonism. It is also necessary for the law enforcement officer to have adequate information on statutory guidelines in relation to law enforcement that initiates involuntary psychiatric commitment. They should also understand that mental illness symptoms should not be taken or considered criminal behavior to aid the arresting if the same behavior will be relied upon for civil petition for automatic hospitalization. The expertise in this section requires the law enforcement officer to undergo training that will eventually equip him with the appropriate procedures that meet the statutory designed standards. The law enforcement bodies can also commence innovative pre arrest diversion systems. For instance, the law enforcing officer in the field, who comes in contact with psychiatric offender, should have more options, instead of making the arrest he can leave the crime scene other than providing the solution to the basic issues. The pre-arrest diversion program, which consists of mobile crisis unit involving mental health practitioners in corporation with law enforcement officers, would give the officer freedom of not making custody related decisions till new options with regard to the situation are reviewed, (Sheth 18). For this matter the non-violent offenders shall be handed over to crisis teams thus allowing officer to attend to other criminal related issues. Conclusion In the last two to three decades there has been a rapid rise in numbers of the mentally ill persons released into the society. Deinstitutionalization has integrated itself into trans-institutionalization whereby a massive number of psychiatric patients have been transferred of shifted from state owned hospitals to streets, beggars homes, prisons and jails. The civil libertarians have eventually changed into criminal justice system. Most, law enforcement officers consider mental illness symptoms to be elements of crime. For this situation to change, law enforcement agencies should shun from being inundated by such social problems, in addition a proactive response linking the societys resources to the real and actual area of need is essential. Work Cited Sheth, Hitesh. Deinstitutionalization or Disowning Responsibility. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 13.2 (2009): 11-20.